{"id":1077,"date":"2021-11-20T16:56:45","date_gmt":"2021-11-20T16:56:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=1077"},"modified":"2021-11-23T03:41:11","modified_gmt":"2021-11-23T03:41:11","slug":"why-electric-trucks","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/?page_id=1077","title":{"rendered":"Why Electric Trucks"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In determining the best solution to sustainability issues with trucking, several types of trucks, including diesel, battery-electric, biofuel, and hydrogen fuel cell trucks, were all considered. Battery-electric vehicles perform better than diesel trucks in almost all aspects, including cost and CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The average cost for a new diesel class 8 semi-truck is $125,000, while comparable electric trucks cost approximately $150,000.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Commercial Carrier Journal. \u201cWhat Does a Class 8 Truck Really Cost?,\u201d January 25, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccjdigital.com\/business\/article\/14932561\/what-does-a-class-8-truck-really-cost\">www.ccjdigital.com\/business\/article\/14932561\/what-does-a-class-8-truck-really-cost<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Tesla Semi. \u201cTesla Semi.\u201d Accessed November 19, 2021.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tesla.com\/semi\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tesla.com\/semi<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Despite these higher upfront costs, electric trucks are still likely to be attractive to purchasers. This is primarily because electric trucks have overall lower operating costs, due to lower energy costs from electricity consumption.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nadel, Steven, and Eric Junga. \u201cElectrifying Trucks: From Delivery Vans to Buses to 18-Wheelers,\u201d n.d., 55. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aceee.org\/white-paper\/electrifying-trucks-delivery-vans-buses-18\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"www.aceee.org\/white-paper\/electrifying-trucks-delivery-vans-buses-18\">www.aceee.org\/white-paper\/electrifying-trucks-delivery-vans-buses-18<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Taking fuel costs into account, the average lifetime cost of a diesel truck was estimated at $838,000, while the lifetime cost of an electric truck was estimated at $612,000 (<a href=\"#popmake-1176\">click for calculation<\/a>). This calculation assumed similar maintenance costs and lifespans, and accounted for differences in upfront and fuel costs. The price of an electric battery truck is also expected to decrease over time as battery cost falls.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Busch, Chris, James Fine, and Amanda Myers. \u201cClean Trucks, Big Bucks.\u201d Energy Innovation Policy &amp; Technology LLC. Environmental Defense Fund., June 17, 2020.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_4');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The overall lower cost of ownership therefore makes purchasing an electric truck attractive to truck owners despite the slightly higher initial investment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 1 demonstrates the cost benefits provided by switching to electric vehicles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"621\" height=\"362\" src=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/graph-6-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1126\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/graph-6-1.png 621w, https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/graph-6-1-300x175.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 621px) 100vw, 621px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 1: Benefits and costs of switching to electric<br>Source: Energy Innovation and Environmental Defense Fund<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Busch, Chris, James Fine, and Amanda Myers. \u201cClean Trucks, Big Bucks.\u201d Energy Innovation Policy &amp; Technology LLC. Environmental Defense Fund., June 17, 2020.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_5');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Electric trucks were also shown to be more economically and logistically viable than hydrogen powered trucks, based on the cost of converting the fleet of existing diesel trucks. While there are only 48 hydrogen fueling stations in the U.S, there is an existing network of 45,387 electric charging stations.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cAlternative Fuels Data Center: Alternative Fueling Station Locator.\u201d Accessed November 20, 2021.<a href=\"https:\/\/afdc.energy.gov\/stations#\/find\/nearest?fuel=ELEC&amp;country=US\"> www.afdc.energy.gov\/stations#\/find\/nearest?fuel=ELEC&amp;country=US<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The necessary infrastructure investment required to convert the entire truck fleet into hydrogen would therefore be prohibitive (see <a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=1677\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1677\">Why Not Alternates<\/a> for details), and electric trucks were determined to be the lower cost option.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Emissions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Battery-electric trucks take in electricity from the grid. According to an analysis by Georgia Tech researchers, even when running on electricity from a grid whose energy sources include fossil fuels, they yield 40% lower greenhouse gas emissions than diesel trucks on average.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lee, Dong-Yeon, Valerie M. Thomas, and Marilyn A. Brown. \u201cElectric Urban Delivery Trucks: Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Cost-Effectiveness.\u201d Environmental Science &amp; Technology 47,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_7');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In another case study analysis of food delivery trucks in New York City, battery-electric trucks emitted approximately 30% less Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) than Diesel trucks.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Elangovan, Raghul, Ondrea Kanwhen, Ziqian Dong, Ahmed Mohamed, and Roberto Rojas-Cessa. \u201cComparative Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emission of Diesel and Electric Trucks for Food&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_8');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, to fully alleviate GHG emissions, the proposed solution operates on the assumption that U.S. electric grids will source their energy from more renewable sources as grid capacity expands to support increasing battery-electric vehicle use (see <a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=811\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"811\">Electric Grid Expansion<\/a> for more details on how this will be ensured). In this case, the emissions from running a battery-electric vehicle are negligible, and the main emissions concern for a battery-electric truck\u2019s lifecycle is the emissions from the battery\u2019s production (see <a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=1073\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1073\">Electric Battery Concerns<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the primary motivation for converting freight trucking to electric vehicles was reduction of CO<sub>2<\/sub> and other greenhouse gas emissions, other air pollutants were considered as well. Electric vehicles perform comparably or favorably to diesel trucks for NO<sub>x<\/sub>, Particulate Matter (PMs, including PM-10s and PM-2.5), CO, and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td>NO<sub>x<\/sub><br>(grams\/mile)<\/td><td>PMs<br>(grams\/mile)<\/td><td>CO<br>(grams\/mile)<\/td><td>VOC<br>(grams\/mile)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Diesel<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. \u201cAverage In-Use Emissions from Heavy Duty Trucks &#8211; Emission Facts,\u201d 2008.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_9');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/td><td>8.613<\/td><td>0.421<\/td><td>2.311<\/td><td>0.447<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electric-battery<meta charset=\"utf-8\"><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Morrison, Geoff, et al. \u201cLife-Cycle Emissions and Costs of Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicles in Colorado Final Report.\u201d The Cadmus Group LLC, 30 June 2019,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_10');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/td><td>0.7<\/td><td>0.4<\/td><td>0.4<\/td><td>0.1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Table 1.  Lifecycle air pollutant comparison for diesel and electric vehicle heavy-duty trucks.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Table 1 shows the lifecycle emissions of these air pollutants for both diesel and electric trucks. Lifecycle emissions are the total emissions produced by a truck over its lifetime, from its initial stages of production to its manufacturing and time on the road, until the end of its use phase.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cLCA \u2013 Life Cycle Assessment of Vehicle Emissions.\u201d World Auto Steel Association, accessed 20 Nov. 2020,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1077_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_11');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1077_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Electric-battery trucks produce significantly lower NO<sub>x<\/sub>, CO, and VOC emissions than diesel, and produce comparable PM emissions. This data, combined with significant GHG reduction and economic feasibility, supports the proposed electric-vehicle solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Through these comparisons of cost and emissions, battery-electric vehicles were determined to be the best long-term solution for trucking transportation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1077_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1077_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1077_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1077_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1077_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Commercial Carrier Journal. \u201cWhat Does a Class 8 Truck Really Cost?,\u201d January 25, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccjdigital.com\/business\/article\/14932561\/what-does-a-class-8-truck-really-cost\">www.ccjdigital.com\/business\/article\/14932561\/what-does-a-class-8-truck-really-cost<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1077_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Tesla Semi. \u201cTesla Semi.\u201d Accessed November 19, 2021.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tesla.com\/semi\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.tesla.com\/semi<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1077_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nadel, Steven, and Eric Junga. \u201cElectrifying Trucks: From Delivery Vans to Buses to 18-Wheelers,\u201d n.d., 55. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aceee.org\/white-paper\/electrifying-trucks-delivery-vans-buses-18\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"www.aceee.org\/white-paper\/electrifying-trucks-delivery-vans-buses-18\">www.aceee.org\/white-paper\/electrifying-trucks-delivery-vans-buses-18<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1077_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Busch, Chris, James Fine, and Amanda Myers. \u201cClean Trucks, Big Bucks.\u201d Energy Innovation Policy &amp; Technology LLC. Environmental Defense Fund., June 17, 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.energyinnovation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Clean-Trucks-Big-Bucks_June_17_2020.pdf\">www.energyinnovation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Clean-Trucks-Big-Bucks_June_17_2020.pdf<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1077_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Busch, Chris, James Fine, and Amanda Myers. \u201cClean Trucks, Big Bucks.\u201d Energy Innovation Policy &amp; Technology LLC. Environmental Defense Fund., June 17, 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.energyinnovation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Clean-Trucks-Big-Bucks_June_17_2020.pdf\">www.energyinnovation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Clean-Trucks-Big-Bucks_June_17_2020.pdf<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1077_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cAlternative Fuels Data Center: Alternative Fueling Station Locator.\u201d Accessed November 20, 2021.<a href=\"https:\/\/afdc.energy.gov\/stations#\/find\/nearest?fuel=ELEC&amp;country=US\"> www.afdc.energy.gov\/stations#\/find\/nearest?fuel=ELEC&amp;country=US<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1077_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lee, Dong-Yeon, Valerie M. Thomas, and Marilyn A. Brown. \u201cElectric Urban Delivery Trucks: Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Cost-Effectiveness.\u201d <em>Environmental Science &amp; Technology<\/em> 47, no. 14 (July 16, 2013): 8022\u201330.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es400179w\"> www.doi.org\/10.1021\/es400179w<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1077_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Elangovan, Raghul, Ondrea Kanwhen, Ziqian Dong, Ahmed Mohamed, and Roberto Rojas-Cessa. \u201cComparative Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emission of Diesel and Electric Trucks for Food Distribution in Gowanus District of New York City.\u201d <em>Frontiers in Big Data<\/em> 4 (2021): 55.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdata.2021.693820\"> www.doi.org\/10.3389\/fdata.2021.693820<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1077_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. \u201cAverage In-Use Emissions from Heavy Duty Trucks &#8211; Emission Facts,\u201d 2008. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyNET.exe\/P100EVY6.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&amp;Client=EPA&amp;Index=2006%20Thru%202010&amp;Docs=&amp;Query=&amp;Time=&amp;EndTime=&amp;SearchMethod=1&amp;TocRestrict=n&amp;Toc=&amp;TocEntry=&amp;QField=&amp;QFieldYear=&amp;QFieldMonth=&amp;QFieldDay=&amp;UseQField=&amp;IntQFieldOp=0&amp;ExtQFieldOp=0&amp;XmlQuery=&amp;File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C06THRU10%5CTXT%5C00000033%5CP100EVY6.txt&amp;User=ANONYMOUS&amp;Password=anonymous&amp;SortMethod=h%7C-&amp;MaximumDocuments=1&amp;FuzzyDegree=0&amp;ImageQuality=r75g8\/r75g8\/x150y150g16\/i425&amp;Display=hpfr&amp;DefSeekPage=x&amp;SearchBack=ZyActionL&amp;Back=ZyActionS&amp;BackDesc=Results%20page&amp;MaximumPages=1&amp;ZyEntry=4\" target=\"_blank\">www.nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyNET.exe\/P100EVY6.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&amp;Client=EPA&amp;Index=2006%20Thru%202010&amp;Docs=&amp;Query=&amp;Time=&amp;EndTime=&amp;SearchMethod=1&amp;TocRestrict=n&amp;Toc=&amp;TocEntry=&amp;QField=&amp;QFieldYear=&amp;QFieldMonth=&amp;QFieldDay=&amp;UseQField=&amp;IntQFieldOp=0&amp;ExtQFieldOp=0&amp;XmlQuery=&amp;File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C06THRU10%5CTXT%5C00000033%5CP100EVY6.txt&amp;User=ANONYMOUS&amp;Password=anonymous&amp;SortMethod=h%7C-&amp;MaximumDocuments=1&amp;FuzzyDegree=0&amp;ImageQuality=r75g8\/r75g8\/x150y150g16\/i425&amp;Display=hpfr&amp;DefSeekPage=x&amp;SearchBack=ZyActionL&amp;Back=ZyActionS&amp;BackDesc=Results%20page&amp;MaximumPages=1&amp;ZyEntry=4<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1077_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Morrison, Geoff, et al. \u201cLife-Cycle Emissions and Costs of Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicles in Colorado Final Report.\u201d <em>The Cadmus Group LLC,<\/em> 30 June 2019,<a href=\"https:\/\/cadmusgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Colorado-Energy-Office-2019-Lifecycle-Emissions-and-Costs.pdf\"> www.cadmusgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Colorado-Energy-Office-2019-Lifecycle-Emissions-and-Costs.pdf<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1077_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1077_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1077_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cLCA \u2013 Life Cycle Assessment of Vehicle Emissions.\u201d <em>World Auto Steel Association,<\/em> accessed 20 Nov. 2020, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldautosteel.org\/life-cycle-thinking\/lca-videos\/lca-life-cycle-assessment-vehicle-emissions\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"www.worldautosteel.org\/life-cycle-thinking\/lca-videos\/lca-life-cycle-assessment-vehicle-emissions\/\">www.worldautosteel.org\/life-cycle-thinking\/lca-videos\/lca-life-cycle-assessment-vehicle-emissions\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1077_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1077_1').show(); 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jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In determining the best solution to sustainability issues with trucking, several types of trucks, including diesel, battery-electric, biofuel, and hydrogen fuel cell trucks, were all considered. Battery-electric vehicles perform better than diesel trucks in almost all aspects, including cost and CO2 emissions. The average cost for a new diesel class 8 semi-truck is $125,000, while&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/?page_id=1077\" rel=\"bookmark\">Read More &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Why Electric Trucks<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1077","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"featured_image_src":null,"featured_image_src_square":null,"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"gb-block-post-grid-landscape":false,"gb-block-post-grid-square":false,"neve-blog":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Amee Savjani","author_link":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/?author=6"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"In determining the best solution to sustainability issues with trucking, several types of trucks, including diesel, battery-electric, biofuel, and hydrogen fuel cell trucks, were all considered. Battery-electric vehicles perform better than diesel trucks in almost all aspects, including cost and CO2 emissions. The average cost for a new diesel class 8 semi-truck is $125,000, while&hellip;&nbsp;Read&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1077","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1077"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1077\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1077"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}