{"id":1142,"date":"2021-11-20T22:01:38","date_gmt":"2021-11-20T22:01:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=1142"},"modified":"2021-11-23T04:39:35","modified_gmt":"2021-11-23T04:39:35","slug":"virtual-arrival","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/?page_id=1142","title":{"rendered":"Virtual Arrival"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Congestion is a cause for delays in on-time arrivals. When ships cannot unload their cargo on time, all future steps in the global shipping process are delayed. They are also forced to wait near the port, increasing the chance of collisions and ships\u2019 anchors dragging<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?hw02lV\">United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality, \u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival.\u201d<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. As shown in the graph below, it is common for global ports to be significantly delayed<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?hw02lV\">United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality, \u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival.\u201d<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. To maximize the use of ships and trucks and to minimize GHG emissions, congestion must be minimized.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"731\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/va-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/va-1.png 731w, https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/va-1-300x177.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 1: Percent of container ships that arrived on schedule <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival,\u201d 2021, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPDF.cgi\/P10119QX.PDF?Dockey=P10119QX.PDF.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Virtual arrival can reduce congestion. It works as follows: Ports would notify ships of when they are able to receive their cargo. Ships would then lower their speed if their predicted arrival time is significantly earlier than the port service time, meaning that the ships would arrive at the port only when they are available to be serviced &#8211; causing a reduction in congestion at ports and emissions. Ship speed may change throughout the course of the voyage because of changing wind patterns, port delays, and other unexpected events. This prevents congestion because ports would be prepared to receive ships when they arrive. Ships would unload their cargo close to the time of their arrival.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In order to implement virtual arrival, shipping companies must first acquire an algorithm that determines what speed the ship should use to minimize emissions while ensuring that the ship arrives at the port on time.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">05\/2011, \u201cVirtual Arrival: Optimising Voyage Management and Reducing Vessel Emissions &#8211; an Emissions Management Framework\u201d (Oil Companies International Marine Forum, n.d.),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_4');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> This algorithm must consider factors such as weather conditions, ship type (weight, size, etc.), and location. Researchers have been developing these algorithms. Ogura et. al developed a model that predicts ship arrival time with 85% accuracy<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Beverly Wright, \u201cTOWARD EQUITY: PRIORITIZING VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES IN CLIMATE CHANGE,\u201d Duke Forum for Law and Social Change 4, no. 1 (2012).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Implementing virtual arrival would also require port operators to notify incoming ships of delays. Ports may need to hire additional operators depending on the current workload placed on their workers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"538\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/va2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1292\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/va2.png 538w, https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/va2-300x286.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 538px) 100vw, 538px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 2: Virtual arrival ensures that ships arrive on time while minimizing their fuel use and congestion.  <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">05\/2011, \u201cVirtual Arrival: Optimising Voyage Management and Reducing Vessel Emissions &#8211; an Emissions Management Framework\u201d (Oil Companies International Marine Forum, n.d.),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_6');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Using virtual arrival will reduce air pollutant emission from ships. Currently ships are going at top speed, arriving at a port early, and being forced to wait to unload their cargo (since other ships are being serviced). Thus, causing congestion. Virtual arrival proposes that ships can instead go at a slower pace &#8211; which requires less fuel to maintain than going at top speed &#8211; throughout the entirety of the trip and arrive at the port exactly on time to be serviced. In a study where ships using virtual arrival made 50 voyages, fuel consumption was reduced by 27%<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?hw02lV\">United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality, \u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival.\u201d<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. This reduction corresponds to 64.8 fewer tons of fuel used per voyage. This results in each ship emitting 202 tons less of CO<sub>2<\/sub>, 4.9 tons less of NO<sub>2<\/sub>, and 3.9 tons less of&nbsp; SO<sub>2<\/sub> (each of which respectively correspond to 2.4%, 95.8%, and 1.8%) per voyage<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?hw02lV\">United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality, \u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival.\u201d<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. A separate report showed that ships saved as much as 138 tonnes of fuel per trip. This corresponds to 655 less tonnes of CO<sub>2<\/sub> produced per trip<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Haiying Jia and et. al, \u201cEnergy Efficiency with the Application of Virtual Arrival Policy &#8211; ScienceDirect,\u201d <em>Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment<\/em> 54 (July 2017): 50\u201360.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Furthermore, a third study reveals that virtual arrival reduces 50% of emitted carbon dioxide emissions (as seen in the graph below).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"566\" height=\"374\" src=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/va3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/va3.png 566w, https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/va3-300x198.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 566px) 100vw, 566px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 3: Virtual arrival reduces CO\u2082, NO\u2093, and SO\u2093 emissions (OCIMF).  <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">05\/2011, \u201cVirtual Arrival: Optimising Voyage Management and Reducing Vessel Emissions &#8211; an Emissions Management Framework\u201d (Oil Companies International Marine Forum, n.d.),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_10');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Virtual arrival has been shown to be economical. In comparison to current methods of going at top speed, implementing virtual arrival will make economical sense for ship companies since throughout the whole trip the ships will be expending less fuel. For example, ESL Shipping, a steel production company, has been using virtual arrival at the Port of Oxel\u00f6sund, Sweden. This has reduced idling at ports, thus reducing fuel consumption, and consequently the overall cost as less capital is required to buy fuel<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">05\/2011, \u201cVirtual Arrival: Optimising Voyage Management and Reducing Vessel Emissions &#8211; an Emissions Management Framework\u201d (Oil Companies International Marine Forum, n.d.),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_11');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even though the benefits of virtual arrival are apparent, there are some costs. Ports need to alert ships whenever the required arrival time, the time the port is available to intake the ship\u2019s cargo, changes.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?hw02lV\">United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality, \u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival.\u201d<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> This would require workers to facilitate this process. Ports would need additional sensors, data, and machine learning models to automate this process and to automatically predict the required arrival time. Some other barriers include the risk of arriving late or after closing time and the staffing required to collect the needed data. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Beverly Wright, \u201cTOWARD EQUITY: PRIORITIZING VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES IN CLIMATE CHANGE,\u201d Duke Forum for Law and Social Change 4, no. 1 (2012).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Additionally, some ship engines are designed to function at a certain load and, speed and slow-burning the fuel would require additional work to be done &#8211; such as \u201cde-rating<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1142_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cEngine De-Rating,\u201d accessed November 20, 2021,<a href=\"https:\/\/glomeep.imo.org\/technology\/engine-de-rating\/\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/glomeep.imo.org\/technology\/engine-de-rating\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1142_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.\u201d De-rating refers to adapting certain parts of a ship\u2019s engine, such as widening exhaust valves, to better accommodate the slower speed and output. Such modifications would require time and investment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Virtual Arrival Timeline<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>2025: pass legislation (either in all US states with significant maritime trade or at the US federal level) which requires all ports to implement virtual arrival by 2040.&nbsp;<\/li><li>2030: have 30% of US ports implement virtual arrival<\/li><li>2040 on onwards: virtual arrival will be implemented in all US ports<\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1142_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1142_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1142_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1142_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?hw02lV\">United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality, \u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival.\u201d<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?hw02lV\">United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality, \u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival.\u201d<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival,\u201d 2021, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPDF.cgi\/P10119QX.PDF?Dockey=P10119QX.PDF.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> 05\/2011, \u201cVirtual Arrival: Optimising Voyage Management and Reducing Vessel Emissions &#8211; an Emissions Management Framework\u201d (Oil Companies International Marine Forum, n.d.),<a href=\"https:\/\/ocimf.org\/document-libary\/129-virtual-arrival\/file#:~:text=Virtual%20Arrival%20is%20a%20process,and%20other%20exhaust%20gas%20emissions\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ocimf.org\/document-libary\/129-virtual-arrival\/file#:~:text=Virtual%20Arrival%20is%20a%20process,and%20other%20exhaust%20gas%20emissions<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Beverly Wright, \u201cTOWARD EQUITY: PRIORITIZING VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES IN CLIMATE CHANGE,\u201d Duke Forum for Law and Social Change 4, no. 1 (2012).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> 05\/2011, \u201cVirtual Arrival: Optimising Voyage Management and Reducing Vessel Emissions &#8211; an Emissions Management Framework\u201d (Oil Companies International Marine Forum, n.d.),<a href=\"https:\/\/ocimf.org\/document-libary\/129-virtual-arrival\/file#:~:text=Virtual%20Arrival%20is%20a%20process,and%20other%20exhaust%20gas%20emissions\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ocimf.org\/document-libary\/129-virtual-arrival\/file#:~:text=Virtual%20Arrival%20is%20a%20process,and%20other%20exhaust%20gas%20emissions<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?hw02lV\">United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality, \u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival.\u201d<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?hw02lV\">United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality, \u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival.\u201d<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Haiying Jia and et. al, \u201cEnergy Efficiency with the Application of Virtual Arrival Policy &#8211; ScienceDirect,\u201d <em>Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment<\/em> 54 (July 2017): 50\u201360.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> 05\/2011, \u201cVirtual Arrival: Optimising Voyage Management and Reducing Vessel Emissions &#8211; an Emissions Management Framework\u201d (Oil Companies International Marine Forum, n.d.),<a href=\"https:\/\/ocimf.org\/document-libary\/129-virtual-arrival\/file#:~:text=Virtual%20Arrival%20is%20a%20process,and%20other%20exhaust%20gas%20emissions\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ocimf.org\/document-libary\/129-virtual-arrival\/file#:~:text=Virtual%20Arrival%20is%20a%20process,and%20other%20exhaust%20gas%20emissions<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">05\/2011, \u201cVirtual Arrival: Optimising Voyage Management and Reducing Vessel Emissions &#8211; an Emissions Management Framework\u201d (Oil Companies International Marine Forum, n.d.),<a href=\"https:\/\/ocimf.org\/document-libary\/129-virtual-arrival\/file#:~:text=Virtual%20Arrival%20is%20a%20process,and%20other%20exhaust%20gas%20emissions\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ocimf.org\/document-libary\/129-virtual-arrival\/file#:~:text=Virtual%20Arrival%20is%20a%20process,and%20other%20exhaust%20gas%20emissions<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?hw02lV\">United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality, \u201cPort Operational Strategies: Virtual Vessel Arrival.\u201d<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Beverly Wright, \u201cTOWARD EQUITY: PRIORITIZING VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES IN CLIMATE CHANGE,\u201d Duke Forum for Law and Social Change 4, no. 1 (2012).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1142_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1142_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1142_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cEngine De-Rating,\u201d accessed November 20, 2021,<a href=\"https:\/\/glomeep.imo.org\/technology\/engine-de-rating\/\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/glomeep.imo.org\/technology\/engine-de-rating\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1142_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1142_1').show(); 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jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Congestion is a cause for delays in on-time arrivals. When ships cannot unload their cargo on time, all future steps in the global shipping process are delayed. They are also forced to wait near the port, increasing the chance of collisions and ships\u2019 anchors dragging[1]United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality,&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/?page_id=1142\" rel=\"bookmark\">Read More &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Virtual Arrival<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1142","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"featured_image_src":null,"featured_image_src_square":null,"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"gb-block-post-grid-landscape":false,"gb-block-post-grid-square":false,"neve-blog":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Terrafrosh 2025","author_link":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/?author=3"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Congestion is a cause for delays in on-time arrivals. When ships cannot unload their cargo on time, all future steps in the global shipping process are delayed. They are also forced to wait near the port, increasing the chance of collisions and ships\u2019 anchors dragging[1]United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality,&hellip;&nbsp;Read&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1142","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1142"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1142\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1142"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}