{"id":1167,"date":"2021-11-20T20:27:55","date_gmt":"2021-11-20T20:27:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=1167"},"modified":"2021-11-23T18:40:29","modified_gmt":"2021-11-23T18:40:29","slug":"freight-transport-problems","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/?page_id=1167","title":{"rendered":"Problems in Current Freight Transport"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Importance of Transport<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the International Chamber of Shipping, 11 billion tons of products are shipped annually, resulting in 1.5 tons per person (which is about the weight of an average car) being shipped globally. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">International Chamber of Shipping. \u201cShipping and World Trade: Driving Prosperity.\u201d <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ics-shipping.org\/shipping-fact\/shipping-and-world-trade-driving-prosperity\/.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Due to globalization, advances in technology, and changes in commerce such as online shopping, efficient shipping is increasing in demand. Sustainable green shipping is critical in preventing further climate change and other environmental damages. Today, shipping accounts for 7% of global carbon emissions <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> \u201cThe Carbon Footprint of Global Trade: Tackling Emissions from International Freight Transport.\u201d International Transport Forum, 2015. itf-oecd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/cop-pdf-06.pdf.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and is only expected to rise. The social cost of carbon, or the future harm inflicted by the release of one additional ton of carbon represented in a present monetary value, is 150 USD per ton <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Shindell, Drew T. \u201cThe Social Cost of Atmospheric Release.\u201d Climatic Change 130, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 313\u201326. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-015-1343-0.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Shipping alone emits 2.108 x 10<sup>9<\/sup> tonnes of carbon as of 2010 <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cThe Carbon Footprint of Global Trade: Tackling Emissions from International Freight Transport.\u201d International Transport Forum, 2015. itf-oecd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/cop-pdf-06.pdf. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, which results in a $316.2 billion social cost of carbon, roughly equivalent to the GDP of Norway <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cGDP, PPP (Current International $) | Data.\u201d Accessed November 20, 2021. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?year_high_desc=true.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. By 2050, it is estimated that these emissions will more than triple to 8,132 million tonnes, <sup><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">  \u201cThe Carbon Footprint of Global Trade: Tackling Emissions from International Freight Transport.\u201d International Transport Forum, 2015. itf-oecd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/cop-pdf-06.pdf. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/sup> as illustrated in the graph below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"577\" height=\"341\" src=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/image8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/image8.png 577w, https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/image8-300x177.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 577px) 100vw, 577px\" \/><figcaption> Figure 1: The graph above shows the projected increase in emissions due to freight globally. Data from &#8220;The Carbon Footprint of Global Trade&#8221;, by the International Transport Forum.  <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> \u201cThe Carbon Footprint of Global Trade: Tackling Emissions from International Freight Transport.\u201d International Transport Forum, 2015. itf-oecd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/cop-pdf-06.pdf.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Environmental Concerns due to Freight Transport<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, freight transport, including maritime shipping, trucking, air transport, and train systems, can damage the environment in many ways <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> \u201cThe Environmental Effects of Freight.\u201d Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1997. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/environment\/envtrade\/2386636.pdf.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Contribution to climate change: carbon-intensive fuel systems such as gasoline release greenhouse gases (GHG) can further global warming.<\/li><li>Air pollution: the release of harmful chemical substances into the air from transportation vehicle exhaust can lead to problems such as acid rain and human health concerns, such as exposure to carcinogenic particles like benzene <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> \u201cThe Environmental Effects of Freight.\u201d Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1997. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/environment\/envtrade\/2386636.pdf.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/li><li>Noise pollution: noise from high congestion transportation hubs, particularly in urban and port areas can disrupt wildlife and increase serious health side effects in humans such as cardiovascular disease <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> \u201cThe Environmental Effects of Freight.\u201d Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1997. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/environment\/envtrade\/2386636.pdf.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/li><li>Water pollution: fuels spills and chemical leakages can contaminate river networks and oceans, causing a host of ecosystem issues.<\/li><li>Accidents: truck accidents, train derailments, shipping spills and plane crashes pose safety risks and further contaminate the environment.<\/li><li>Land use and habitat fragmentation: building transport infrastructure frequently involved creating barriers within and destroying habitats in the installation of transportation infrastructure.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Issues regarding economics and human rights are interrelated to the environmental issues due to the freight industry. Some include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Port inefficiency: how cargo is moved between ships and trucks, concerning truck and ship congestion<\/li><li>Ship abandonment: ship owners leave crew and ship stranded at sea, usually due to lack of financial incentive to maintain ship<\/li><li>Working conditions: truck drivers experience excess workload, stress, variable schedules and sleep patterns <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1167_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Apostolopoulos, Yorghos. \u201cHealth Survey of U.S. Long-Haul Truck Drivers: Work Environment, Physical Health, and Healthcare Access,\u201d January 2013. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/doi:10.3233\/WOR-121553.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1167_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/li><li>Toxic fuels and emissions: sulfur and nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain and smog<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While all of these environmental and socio-economic problems due to shipping are significant and to best address the following problem statement:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;How can we improve the long-distance freight transport process to reduce air pollution, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as pollutants such as NOx, SOx, and Particulate Matter (PM), while balancing equity and economic concerns,&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This proposal will focus on freight transport\u2019s contribution to climate change via GHG emissions and inefficiencies that contribute to these economic and social issues. The main focus of this project is freight transport via trucks, ships, and their intersections at ports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the details of this proposal are confined to the US, this is due to a lack of time rather than a lack of importance. The same concepts can be adapted to different governments, societies, and technological realities across the world &#8211; and they must be, if humanity has any chance in the fight against climate change. The carbon calculations in this proposal are a sobering reminder that even the most ambitious plans are still on the knife edge between success and failure. Another five years of waiting, or a half-hearted attempt that encompasses only a few nations or regions, will not be enough. <strong>The time for action is now.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1167_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1167_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1167_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1167_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1167_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">International Chamber of Shipping. \u201cShipping and World Trade: Driving Prosperity.\u201d <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ics-shipping.org\/shipping-fact\/shipping-and-world-trade-driving-prosperity\/.<\/span> <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1167_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> \u201cThe Carbon Footprint of Global Trade: Tackling Emissions from International Freight Transport.\u201d International Transport Forum, 2015. itf-oecd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/cop-pdf-06.pdf.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1167_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Shindell, Drew T. \u201cThe Social Cost of Atmospheric Release.\u201d Climatic Change 130, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 313\u201326. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-015-1343-0.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1167_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cThe Carbon Footprint of Global Trade: Tackling Emissions from International Freight Transport.\u201d International Transport Forum, 2015. itf-oecd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/cop-pdf-06.pdf. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1167_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cGDP, PPP (Current International $) | Data.\u201d Accessed November 20, 2021. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?year_high_desc=true.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1167_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">  \u201cThe Carbon Footprint of Global Trade: Tackling Emissions from International Freight Transport.\u201d International Transport Forum, 2015. itf-oecd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/cop-pdf-06.pdf. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1167_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> \u201cThe Carbon Footprint of Global Trade: Tackling Emissions from International Freight Transport.\u201d International Transport Forum, 2015. itf-oecd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/cop-pdf-06.pdf.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1167_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> \u201cThe Environmental Effects of Freight.\u201d Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1997. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/environment\/envtrade\/2386636.pdf.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1167_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> \u201cThe Environmental Effects of Freight.\u201d Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1997. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/environment\/envtrade\/2386636.pdf.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1167_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> \u201cThe Environmental Effects of Freight.\u201d Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1997. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/environment\/envtrade\/2386636.pdf.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1167_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1167_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1167_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Apostolopoulos, Yorghos. \u201cHealth Survey of U.S. Long-Haul Truck Drivers: Work Environment, Physical Health, and Healthcare Access,\u201d January 2013. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/doi:10.3233\/WOR-121553.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function 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[1]International Chamber of Shipping. \u201cShipping and World Trade: Driving Prosperity.\u201d https:\/\/www.ics-shipping.org\/shipping-fact\/shipping-and-world-trade-driving-prosperity\/. Due to globalization, advances in technology, and changes&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/?page_id=1167\" rel=\"bookmark\">Read More &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Problems in Current Freight Transport<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1167","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"featured_image_src":null,"featured_image_src_square":null,"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"gb-block-post-grid-landscape":false,"gb-block-post-grid-square":false,"neve-blog":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Sarah Hernandez","author_link":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/?author=9"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Importance of Transport According to the International Chamber of Shipping, 11 billion tons of products are shipped annually, resulting in 1.5 tons per person (which is about the weight of an average car) being shipped globally. [1]International Chamber of Shipping. \u201cShipping and World Trade: Driving Prosperity.\u201d https:\/\/www.ics-shipping.org\/shipping-fact\/shipping-and-world-trade-driving-prosperity\/. Due to globalization, advances in technology, and changes&hellip;&nbsp;Read&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1167","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1167"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1167\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1167"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}