{"id":19,"date":"2021-11-10T20:27:42","date_gmt":"2021-11-10T20:27:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=19"},"modified":"2021-12-04T04:21:46","modified_gmt":"2021-12-04T04:21:46","slug":"portofolio","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/?page_id=19","title":{"rendered":"SHIPS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"background-color:#0b0b0b;padding-left:5%;padding-right:5%;padding-top:23%\" class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-container gb-layout-hero-1 gb-block-container alignfull\"><div class=\"gb-container-inside\"><div class=\"gb-container-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gb-container-image has-background-dim-90 has-background-dim\" src=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/GettyImages-1266433901-1-e1636932920586.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/div><div class=\"gb-container-content\" style=\"max-width:850px\">\n<h1 class=\"has-text-align-center has-nv-site-bg-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\">SHIPS<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-neve-link-color-color has-nv-site-bg-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">To reduce <strong>greenhouse gas emissions<\/strong> and air pollution from the maritime shipping industry, Terrascope 2025 proposes that long distance cargo ships <strong>switch fuel sources<\/strong> to <strong>methanol fuel.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-nv-light-bg-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">Image By: Alice Scott<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background-color:#d8f0ff\" class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-container gb-block-container\"><div class=\"gb-container-inside\"><div class=\"gb-container-content\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-slate-section-feature-text-columns gb-slate-feature-text-columns gb-layout-columns-1 one-column gb-has-custom-background-color gb-has-custom-text-color gb-columns-center alignfull\" style=\"padding-right:1em;padding-left:1em;background-color:#ffffff;color:#1f1f1f\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-2 gb-is-responsive-column\" style=\"max-width:1200px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column gb-is-vertically-aligned-top\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-container gb-block-container\"><div class=\"gb-container-inside\"><div class=\"gb-container-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-layout-columns-2 gb-2-col-wideright\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-2 gb-is-responsive-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\" style=\"margin-top:52px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Global-shipping-map.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1000\" width=\"389\" height=\"171\"\/><figcaption>Figure 1: Global Shipping Routes <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Figure 1: Erol, Sercan. Global Shipping Routes. March 2016. The Impact of Distance and Narrow Waterway on Voyage Cost: Cost Formulation and Implementation on a Dry Bulk Carrier.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_1');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column gb-is-vertically-aligned-center\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\"><strong>What is the role of ships in US transportation? <\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><meta charset=\"utf-8\">Ships carry 70% of US merchandise trade (in imports and exports) as measured by weight. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">&nbsp;\u201cLogistics and Transportation Spotlight.\u201d Logistics &amp; Transportation Industry | SelectUSA.gov. International Trade Administration. Accessed November 16, 2021.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-layout-columns-2 gb-2-col-wideleft\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-2 gb-is-responsive-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column gb-is-vertically-aligned-center\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\"><strong>What are the problems with current shipping methods?<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><meta charset=\"utf-8\">Ships contribute to a number of environmental issues including but not limited to: oil pollution, chemical pollution, sewage, air pollution, and the spread of invasive species.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cAir Pollution, Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.\u201d International Maritime Organization. International Maritime Organization, 2019.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_3');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Ships contribute to air pollution via carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter emissions. SO<sub>x<\/sub>, NO<sub>x<\/sub>, and particulate matter emissions are harmful to human health and are therefore particularly harmful to communities closest to shipping hubs. In addition to contributing to global warming, CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions from ships cause ocean acidification, which is detrimental to local ecosystems.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cAir Pollution &amp; Marine Shipping.\u201d Clear Seas. Clear Seas Centre for Responsible Marine Shipping, November 6, 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/en\/air-pollution\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/clearseas.org\/en\/air-pollution\/<\/span><\/a>.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While shipping is a relatively carbon-efficient method of transportation compared to other major methods such as trucks, planes, and rail, with respect to CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions per tonne of cargo per mile <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cEnvironmental Performance: Comparison of CO2 Emissions by Different Modes of Transport.\u201d Accessed November 22, 2021.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_5');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, it still accounts for 20% of global freight transportation emissions due to its extensive use. <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Energy Technology Perspectives 2020 \u00a7 (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/7f8aed40-89af-4348-be19-c8a67df0b9ea\/Energy_Technology_Perspectives_2020_PDF.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/7f8aed40-89af-4348-be19-c8a67df0b9ea\/Energy_Technology_Perspectives_2020_PDF.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> This amounts to 2-3% of overall global greenhouse gas emissions. <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cShipping Efficiency.\u201d RMI. RMI, September 4, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/rmi.org\/our-work\/shipping-efficiency\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/rmi.org\/our-work\/shipping-efficiency\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Shipping also causes the release of harmful emissions including nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x<\/sub>), sulfur oxides (SO<sub>x<\/sub>), and other particulate matter.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"263\" height=\"192\" src=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/ship-emissions.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1005\"\/><figcaption>Figure 2: Shipping air emissions <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em>European Union. \u201c2019 Annual Report on CO2 Emissions from Maritime Transport,\u201d May 19, 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/system\/files\/2020-05\/swd_2020_82_en.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/system\/files\/2020-05\/swd_2020_82_en.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-heading\">What is currently being done?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-layout-columns-1 gb-1-col-equal\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-2 gb-is-responsive-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><meta charset=\"utf-8\">The shipping industry is such a large contributor to greenhouse gas emissions because of the use of carbon-intensive fossil fuels. The International Maritime organization, an agency of the United Nations, has emissions reduction targets for CO<sub>2<\/sub>, SO<sub>x<\/sub>, and NO<sub>x<\/sub> emissions, but they recognize the need for technological advancements and efforts to implement existing technologies. The current goal set is a 50% reduction in annual GHG emissions and a 70% reduction in annual carbon emissions from maritime freight transport by 2050, compared with the annual emissions in 2008.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cCutting GHG Emissions from Shipping &#8211; 10 Years of Mandatory Rules.\u201d International Maritime Organization. Accessed November 18, 2021.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_9');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> While there are multiple promising fuel alternatives that are less carbon intensive such as methanol, hydrogen, nuclear, or electric, none of them are currently economically viable or practical (see <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=783(opens in a new tab)\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=783(opens in a new tab)\" target=\"_blank\">Alternative Solutions<\/a>). Furthermore, the 20-30 year life-cycle of ships makes switching to these alternate fuel sources even more logistically challenging, since they generally require retrofitting of engines on existing ships or the construction of entirely new ships.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cAir Pollution, Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.\u201d International Maritime Organization. International Maritime Organization, 2019.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_10');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-slate-section-contact-columns gpb-slate-contact-columns gb-layout-columns-1 one-column gb-has-custom-background-color gb-has-custom-text-color alignfull\" style=\"padding-top:3em;padding-right:5em;padding-left:11em;background-color:#d8f0ff;color:#1f1f1f\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-2 gb-is-responsive-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-container gb-block-container\"><div class=\"gb-container-inside\"><div class=\"gb-container-content\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Methanol Fuel<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is methanol, and why could it be the future to green shipping?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align:left\" class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-button gb-block-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=941\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"gb-button gb-button-shape-rounded gb-button-size-medium\" style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:var(--nv-c-2)\">Learn More<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"525\" src=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/mari-couva-methanol-fuel-vessel-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1501\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/mari-couva-methanol-fuel-vessel-1.jpg 700w, https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/mari-couva-methanol-fuel-vessel-1-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 3: Methanol fueled ship <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marine Log. \u201cTwo More Methanol Fueled Vessels Join Waterfront Fleet,\u201d August 22, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marinelog.com\/news\/two-more-methanol-fueled-vessels-join-waterfront-fleet\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.marinelog.com\/news\/two-more-methanol-fueled-vessels-join-waterfront-fleet\/<\/span><\/a>.<br> <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><meta charset=\"utf-8\">Steps for Implementation   <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-slate-section-image-and-text-columns gb-slate-image-text-columns gb-layout-columns-1 one-column has-nv-site-bg-background-color gb-has-custom-text-color gb-columns-center alignfull\" style=\"padding-top:2em;padding-right:5em;padding-bottom:2em;padding-left:5em;color:#1f1f1f\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-2 gb-is-responsive-column\" style=\"max-width:1200px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-layout-columns-3 gb-3-col-equal\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-2 gb-is-responsive-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner has-nv-light-bg-background-color\" style=\"padding-top:20px;padding-right:15px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:15px\">\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color wp-block-heading\" style=\"color:#1f1f1f;font-size:26px\">Methanol Production<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-accordion gb-block-accordion\"><details><summary class=\"gb-accordion-title\">Production Processes<\/summary><div class=\"gb-accordion-text\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sustainable methanol production requires the input of pure hydrogen, which can be extracted from water in a few different ways. Currently, there are three main modes of producing pure hydrogen, known as green, blue, and gray hydrogen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-button gb-block-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=1233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"gb-button gb-button-shape-rounded gb-button-size-medium\" style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:var(--nv-c-2)\">Learn More<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-accordion gb-block-accordion\"><details><summary class=\"gb-accordion-title\">Retrofitting Engines<\/summary><div class=\"gb-accordion-text\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most trans-oceanic cargo ships are powered by 2-stroke diesel engines which can be modified to accommodate methanol by adjusting fuel injectors, installing double-walled fuel distribution systems, increasing the size of fuel storage containers, and implementing methanol purging systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-button gb-block-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=1235\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"gb-button gb-button-shape-rounded gb-button-size-medium\" style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:var(--nv-c-2)\"> Learn More <\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner has-nv-light-bg-background-color\" style=\"padding-top:20px;padding-right:15px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:15px\">\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color wp-block-heading\" style=\"color:#1f1f1f;font-size:26px\">Implementation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-accordion gb-block-accordion\"><details><summary class=\"gb-accordion-title\">Policy<\/summary><div class=\"gb-accordion-text\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Methanol may be a better fuel alternative, but how can it be made competitive? What policies should be pursued to make methanol a feasible alternative for ships?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-button gb-block-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=1236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"gb-button gb-button-shape-rounded gb-button-size-medium\" style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:var(--nv-c-2)\"> Learn More <\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-accordion gb-block-accordion\"><details><summary class=\"gb-accordion-title\">Economic Incentives<\/summary><div class=\"gb-accordion-text\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">E-methanol, derived from electrolysis-based hydrogen and captured CO<sub>2<\/sub>, has a prospective role in the petrochemical industry, possibly replacing many of the fossil fuel bases used to make plastics <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Irena and Methanol Institute, \u201cInnovation Outlook: Renewable Methanol,\u201d International Renewable Energy Agency, (2021): 17,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_12');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> . An increase in production of e-methanol over time will result in lowering its final cost as efficiency improves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-button gb-block-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=1238\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"gb-button gb-button-shape-rounded gb-button-size-medium\" style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:var(--nv-c-2)\"> Learn More <\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-accordion gb-block-accordion\"><details><summary class=\"gb-accordion-title\">Equity<\/summary><div class=\"gb-accordion-text\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Properly implementing green methanol as a shipping fuel source requires considering its effect upon the people and communities involved. How can methanol be safely and equitably introduced as a fuel source?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-button gb-block-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=808\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"gb-button gb-button-shape-rounded gb-button-size-medium\" style=\"color:var(--nv-site-bg);background-color:var(--nv-c-2)\">Learn More<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner has-nv-light-bg-background-color\" style=\"padding-top:20px;padding-right:15px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:15px\">\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color wp-block-heading\" style=\"color:#1f1f1f;font-size:26px\">Cost-Benefit Analysis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-accordion gb-block-accordion\"><details><summary class=\"gb-accordion-title\">Cost of Implementation<\/summary><div class=\"gb-accordion-text\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The long-term economic cost of methanol can be estimated from a shipowner\u2019s perspective and a methanol producer\u2019s perspective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-button gb-block-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=1237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"gb-button gb-button-shape-rounded gb-button-size-medium\" style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:var(--nv-c-2)\"> Learn More <\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-accordion gb-block-accordion\"><details><summary class=\"gb-accordion-title\">Benefits<\/summary><div class=\"gb-accordion-text\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How much CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions can be saved by increasing the number of methanol fuel bulk carriers and what are the benefits of those reductions?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-button gb-block-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=1266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"gb-button gb-button-shape-rounded gb-button-size-medium\" style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:var(--nv-c-2)\"> Learn More <\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-layout-service-2 gb-layout-columns-1 one-column has-nv-site-bg-background-color gb-columns-center alignfull\" style=\"padding-top:3%;padding-right:5%;padding-left:5%\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-2 gb-is-responsive-column\" style=\"max-width:1200px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-container gb-block-container\"><div class=\"gb-container-inside\"><div class=\"gb-container-content\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-layout-service-3 gb-layout-columns-2 gb-2-col-wideright has-neve-link-color-background-color gb-columns-center alignfull\" style=\"padding-top:5%;padding-right:5%;padding-bottom:5%;padding-left:5%\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-3 gb-is-responsive-column\" style=\"max-width:1200px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/hydrogen-fuel-cell-1024x573.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1714\" width=\"336\" height=\"188\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/hydrogen-fuel-cell-1024x573.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/hydrogen-fuel-cell-300x168.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/hydrogen-fuel-cell-768x430.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/hydrogen-fuel-cell.jpeg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\" \/><figcaption><span class=\"has-inline-color has-nv-site-bg-color\">Ship powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Gorant, Jim. \u201cHydrogen Fuel Cells for Boats.\u201d Power &amp; Motoryacht. Accessed November 22, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.powerandmotoryacht.com\/maintenance\/hydrogen-fuel-cells-for-boats\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.powerandmotoryacht.com\/maintenance\/hydrogen-fuel-cells-for-boats<\/span><\/a>.<br><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column gb-is-vertically-aligned-center\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color has-huge-font-size wp-block-heading\" style=\"color:#63edff\"><span style=\"color:#63edff\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Alternative Solutions<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-nv-c-2-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-nv-site-bg-color\">Many alternative energy sources, including but not limited to hydrogen, nuclear, and electric, were considered in the process of researching the best way to improve the sustainability of maritime shipping. Here&#8217;s why Terrascope 2025 chose not to pursue such solutions&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align:right\" class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-button gb-block-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/terrascope2025.wpengine.com\/?page_id=783\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"gb-button gb-button-shape-rounded gb-button-size-medium\" style=\"color:var(--nv-primary-accent);background-color:#63edff\">Learn More<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-layout-service-4 gb-layout-columns-1 gb-1-col-equal has-nv-site-bg-background-color gb-columns-center alignfull\" style=\"padding-top:3%;padding-right:5%;padding-bottom:3%;padding-left:5%\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-6 gb-is-responsive-column\" style=\"max-width:1200px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner has-nv-site-bg-background-color has-nv-dark-bg-color\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_19_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Figure 1: Erol, Sercan. <em>Global Shipping Routes<\/em>. March 2016. <em>The Impact of Distance and Narrow Waterway on Voyage Cost: Cost Formulation and Implementation on a Dry Bulk Carrier<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/298427712_The_Impact_of_Distance_and_Narrow_Waterway_on_Voyage_Cost_Cost_Formulation_and_Implementation_on_a_Dry_Bulk_Carrier.\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/298427712_The_Impact_of_Distance_and_Narrow_Waterway_on_Voyage_Cost_Cost_Formulation_and_Implementation_on_a_Dry_Bulk_Carrier.<\/span><\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> &nbsp;\u201cLogistics and Transportation Spotlight.\u201d Logistics &amp; Transportation Industry | SelectUSA.gov. International Trade Administration. Accessed November 16, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.selectusa.gov\/logistics-and-transportation-industry-united-states\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.selectusa.gov\/logistics-and-transportation-industry-united-states<\/span><\/a>.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cAir Pollution, Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.\u201d International Maritime Organization. International Maritime Organization, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imo.org\/en\/OurWork\/Environment\/Pages\/AirPollution-Default.aspx\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.imo.org\/en\/OurWork\/Environment\/Pages\/AirPollution-Default.aspx<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cAir Pollution &amp; Marine Shipping.\u201d Clear Seas. Clear Seas Centre for Responsible Marine Shipping, November 6, 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/en\/air-pollution\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/clearseas.org\/en\/air-pollution\/<\/span><\/a>.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cEnvironmental Performance: Comparison of CO2 Emissions by Different Modes of Transport.\u201d Accessed November 22, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ics-shipping.org\/shipping-fact\/environmental-performance-environmental-performance\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ics-shipping.org\/shipping-fact\/environmental-performance-environmental-performance\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Energy Technology Perspectives 2020 \u00a7 (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/7f8aed40-89af-4348-be19-c8a67df0b9ea\/Energy_Technology_Perspectives_2020_PDF.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/7f8aed40-89af-4348-be19-c8a67df0b9ea\/Energy_Technology_Perspectives_2020_PDF.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cShipping Efficiency.\u201d RMI. RMI, September 4, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/rmi.org\/our-work\/shipping-efficiency\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/rmi.org\/our-work\/shipping-efficiency\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>European Union. \u201c2019 Annual Report on CO2 Emissions from Maritime Transport,\u201d May 19, 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/system\/files\/2020-05\/swd_2020_82_en.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/system\/files\/2020-05\/swd_2020_82_en.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cCutting GHG Emissions from Shipping &#8211; 10 Years of Mandatory Rules.\u201d International Maritime Organization. Accessed November 18, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imo.org\/en\/MediaCentre\/PressBriefings\/pages\/DecadeOfGHGAction.aspx\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.imo.org\/en\/MediaCentre\/PressBriefings\/pages\/DecadeOfGHGAction.aspx<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cAir Pollution, Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.\u201d International Maritime Organization. International Maritime Organization, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imo.org\/en\/OurWork\/Environment\/Pages\/AirPollution-Default.aspx\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.imo.org\/en\/OurWork\/Environment\/Pages\/AirPollution-Default.aspx<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marine Log. \u201cTwo More Methanol Fueled Vessels Join Waterfront Fleet,\u201d August 22, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marinelog.com\/news\/two-more-methanol-fueled-vessels-join-waterfront-fleet\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.marinelog.com\/news\/two-more-methanol-fueled-vessels-join-waterfront-fleet\/<\/span><\/a>.<br> <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Irena and Methanol Institute, \u201cInnovation Outlook: Renewable Methanol,\u201d International Renewable Energy Agency, (2021): 17, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/publications\/2021\/Jan\/Innovation-Outlook-Renewable-Methanol\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.irena.org\/publications\/2021\/Jan\/Innovation-Outlook-Renewable-Methanol<\/span><\/a>. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Gorant, Jim. \u201cHydrogen Fuel Cells for Boats.\u201d Power &amp; Motoryacht. Accessed November 22, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.powerandmotoryacht.com\/maintenance\/hydrogen-fuel-cells-for-boats\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.powerandmotoryacht.com\/maintenance\/hydrogen-fuel-cells-for-boats<\/span><\/a>.<br><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_19_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_19_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_19_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_19_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_19_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_19_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_19_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_19_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Steps for Implementation<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"on","neve_meta_content_width":100,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"on","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-19","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"featured_image_src":null,"featured_image_src_square":null,"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"gb-block-post-grid-landscape":false,"gb-block-post-grid-square":false,"neve-blog":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Anna Duncan","author_link":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/?author=13"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Steps for Implementation","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/terrascope2025.mit.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}