Timeline

2025

Virtual Arrival: pass legislation that requires all ports to implement virtual arrival by 2040. Start implementing software and improve communication.
Peak Shaving: Implement electric/hybrid cranes, phase in peak shaving for automated ports.
Shore to Ship Power: pass legislation that require the implementation of shore to ship power in large ports by 2040.
Electric Charging Station: Continue implementing electric charging stations at ports, decrease diesel stations.
Methanol Tanks: Begin rollout of methanol bunkering.
Solar Reefers: Continue phasing out diesel reefers and implement solar reefers.

2030

Virtual Arrival: have 30% of US ports implement virtual arrival
Shore to Ship Power ports continue to implement shore power
Peak Shaving: expect all fully automated ports should implement peak shaving by this date. Phase in peak shaving for non-automated ports.
Electric Charging Station: Continue implementing electric charging stations at ports, decrease diesel stations.
Methanol Tanks: Continue to implement Methanol tanks for ships.
Solar Reefers: Continue phasing out diesel reefers and implement solar reefers as diesel reefers reach their age limit.

2035

Virtual Arrival: have 50% of US ports implement virtual arrival.
Shore to Ship Power ports continue to implement shore power.
Peak Shaving: Continue to phase in peak shaving for non-automated ports.
Electric Charging Station: increase the number of charging stations.
Methanol Tanks: Continue to implement Methanol tanks for ships.
Solar Reefers: Diesel reefers replaced with electric reefers and solar reefers.

2040

Virtual Arrival: virtual arrival will be implemented in all US ports.
Peak Shaving: Phase in peak shaving for non-automated ports.
Shore to Ship Power: shore to ship power implemented everywhere that is required.
Electric Charging Station: increase the number of charging stations.
Methanol Tanks: Continue to implement Methanol tanks for ships.
Solar Reefers: Diesel reefers replaced with electric reefers and solar reefers.

2045

Virtual Arrival: All ports implemented virtual arrival.
Peak Shaving: phase in peak shaving for non-automated ports.
Shore to Ship Power: shore to ship power implemented everywhere it is required.
Electric Charging Station: Provide charging stations in all ports for all battery-electric trucks in the US.
Methanol Tanks: Continue to implement Methanol tanks for ships.
Solar Reefers: Diesel reefers replaced with electric reefers and solar reefers.

2050

Virtual Arrival: All ports implemented virtual arrival.
Peak Shaving: phase in peak shaving for non-automated ports.
Shore to Ship Power: shore to ship power implemented everywhere it is required.
Electric Charging Station: Provide charging stations in all ports for all battery-electric trucks in the US.
Methanol Tanks: Provide methanol bunkering for 100% of ships, phase out traditional fuels.
Solar Reefers: Diesel reefers replaced with electric reefers and solar reefers.

↑1	US EPA, OAR. “Basic Information about NO2.” Overviews and Factsheets, July 6, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution/basic-information-about-no2.
↑2	Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. “Sulfur Dioxide (SO2),” March 30, 2017. https://www.pca.state.mn.us/air/sulfur-dioxide-so2.
↑3	US EPA, OAR. “Basic Information about Carbon Monoxide (CO) Outdoor Air Pollution.” Overviews and Factsheets, July 13, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/co-pollution/basic-information-about-carbon-monoxide-co-outdoor-air-pollution.
↑4	“Carbon Monoxide & Health \| California Air Resources Board.” Accessed November 22, 2021. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/carbon-monoxide-and-health.
↑5	“Carbon Monoxide & Health \| California Air Resources Board.” Accessed November 22, 2021. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/carbon-monoxide-and-health.
↑6	US EPA, OAR. “Particulate Matter (PM) Basics.” Overviews and Factsheets, April 19, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics.

↑1	“RealClimate: A Deep Dive into the IPCC’s Updated Carbon Budget Numbers,” August 12, 2021. https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2021/08/a-deep-dive-into-the-ipccs-updated-carbon-budget-numbers/.
↑2	Rhodium Group. “China’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceeded the Developed World for the First Time in 2019.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://rhg.com/research/chinas-emissions-surpass-developed-countries/.
↑3	US EPA, OAR. “Fast Facts on Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Overviews and Factsheets, August 25, 2015. https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions.
↑4	Supply Chain Solutions Center. “The Green Freight Handbook.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://supplychain.edf.org/resources/the-green-freight-handbook/.
↑5	“Alternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data – Average Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled by Major Vehicle Category.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10309.
↑6	McCoy, Kelly. “WoodMac: 54,000 Electric Trucks on US Roads by 2025.” GreenTechMedia, August 11, 2020. https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/woodmac-the-us-will-have-54000-electric-trucks-by-2025.
↑7	Carlier, Mathilde. “U.S. Class 8 Truck Sales from 2007 to 2020, by Brand.” Statista, March 23, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/245369/class-8-truck-sales-by-manfuacturer/.

↑1	Auffenberg Dealer Group. “What Does GVWR Mean?” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.auffenberg.com/service/service-tips/what-does-gvwr-mean/.
↑2	International Used Truck Centers. “Why Is It Called A Semi Truck?” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.internationalusedtrucks.com/driver-tips/why-is-it-called-a-semi-truck/.
↑3	Minjares, Ray, Felipe Rodríguez, Arijit Sen, and Caleb Braun. “Infrastructure to Support a 100% Zero-Emission Tractor-Trailer Fleet in the United States by 2040.” The International Council on Clean Transportation, September 2021. https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ze-tractor-trailer-fleet-us-hdvs-sept21.pdf.
↑4	Samsara. “Everything You Need To Know About Short Haul Trucking,” November 5, 2021. https://www.samsara.com/guides/short-haul-trucking/.
↑5	Nikola Motor Corporation, and VectoIQ Acquisition Corporation. “Nikola Corporation Investor Roadshow Presentation,” April 2020. https://d32st474bx6q5f.cloudfront.net/nikolamotor/uploads/investor/presentation/presentation_file/5/NikolaInvestorRoadShowPresentation042720.pdf.

↑1	“Truck Profile \| Bureau of Transportation Statistics.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.bts.gov/content/truck-profile.
↑2	“Alternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data – Average Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled by Major Vehicle Category.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10309.
↑3	U.S. Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center. “Alternative Fuel Price Report,” July 2021. www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/prices.html.

↑1	Tesla Semi. “Tesla Semi.” Accessed November 19, 2021. https://www.tesla.com/semi.
↑2	Tesla Semi. “Tesla Semi.” Accessed November 19, 2021. https://www.tesla.com/semi.
↑3	“Electric Power Monthly – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php.
↑4	Rechtien International Trucks. “How Many Miles Do Semi Trucks Last? \| Rechtien International Trucks Of.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.rechtien.com/semi-truck-life/.
↑5	Commercial Carrier Journal. “What Does a Class 8 Truck Really Cost?,” January 25, 2016. https://www.ccjdigital.com/business/article/14932561/what-does-a-class-8-truck-really-cost.
↑6	Rechtien International Trucks. “How Many Miles Do Semi Trucks Last? \| Rechtien International Trucks Of.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.rechtien.com/semi-truck-life/.
↑7	Commercial Carrier Journal. “What Does a Class 8 Truck Really Cost?,” January 25, 2016. https://www.ccjdigital.com/business/article/14932561/what-does-a-class-8-truck-really-cost.
↑8	Jorgensen, Webster. “How to Calculate the Fuel Cost Per Mile of Your Trucks,” October 21, 2019. https://www.rtsinc.com/articles/how-calculate-fuel-cost-mile-your-trucks.
↑9	“AAA Gas Prices.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://gasprices.aaa.com/.
↑10	Rechtien International Trucks. “How Many Miles Do Semi Trucks Last? \| Rechtien International Trucks Of.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.rechtien.com/semi-truck-life/.
↑11	Commercial Carrier Journal. “What Does a Class 8 Truck Really Cost?,” January 25, 2016. https://www.ccjdigital.com/business/article/14932561/what-does-a-class-8-truck-really-cost.
↑12	Rechtien International Trucks. “How Many Miles Do Semi Trucks Last? \| Rechtien International Trucks Of.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.rechtien.com/semi-truck-life/.

Phases of Conversion

Graph

Calculations

Conversion of Heavy Duty Fleet to Electric Landmarks

Broad Timeline for Recommended Policies

Phases of Conversion

Graph

Calculations

References
↑1	U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). “New Electric Generating Capacity in 2020 Will Come Primarily from Wind and Solar.” Today in Energy, January 14, 2020. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=42495.
↑2	U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). “New Electric Generating Capacity in 2020 Will Come Primarily from Wind and Solar.” Today in Energy, January 14, 2020. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=42495.
↑3	U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). “Electric Power Monthly. Table 6.07.B. Capacity Factors for Utility Scale Generators Primarily Using Non-Fossil Fuels,” October 26, 2021. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php.
↑4	U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). “Electric Power Monthly. Table 6.07.B. Capacity Factors for Utility Scale Generators Primarily Using Non-Fossil Fuels,” October 26, 2021. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php.