Equity

Proper safety considerations must be in place to protect port workers. The proposed solution involves storing methanol at ports for ship refueling and installing electric charging stations for truck refueling.

Methanol is toxic, corrosive, and highly flammable, but proper storage procedures minimize safety risks. The International Programme on Chemical Safety recommends storing methanol in stainless steel containers.^[1]Methanol Institute. “Atmospheric Above Ground Tank Storage of Methanol.” In Methanol Safe Handling Technical Bulletin, 2016. … Continue reading These containers should be placed in diked areas, which are locations that are enclosed by a physical or geological barrier. Containers should also be surrounded by a foam-based fire control system.^[2]Methanol Institute. “Atmospheric Above Ground Tank Storage of Methanol.” In Methanol Safe Handling Technical Bulletin, 2016. … Continue reading This system extinguishes a fire by removing oxygen.^[3]Inst Tools. “Basics of Foam Fire Fighting System,” www.instrumentationtools.com/basics-foam-fire-fighting-system/ Areas for methanol fuel storage should also be well-ventilated and lack direct sunlight and moisture.^[4]Methanol Institute. “Atmospheric Above Ground Tank Storage of Methanol.” In Methanol Safe Handling Technical Bulletin, 2016. … Continue reading Methanol bunkering safety precautions are similar to bunkering with traditional fuels according to Andre Nieman Chief Executive Officer of TankMatch and Paul Hexter, President of Waterfront Shipping.^[5]Vopak. “Waterfront Shipping takes leadership role in demonstrating simplicity of methanol bunkering to marine industry,” May 11, 2021.

Although electric vehicle charging stations can cause fires and electric shock injuries, adhering to safety procedures minimizes the chance of these dangers occurring. The US Fire Administration recommends purchasing charging stations that have been tested by nationally recognized laboratories and installing residual current devices with charging units. These devices sense faults and shutdown power when they are detected to prevent fires from occurring.^[6]Vopak. “Waterfront Shipping takes leadership role in demonstrating simplicity of methanol bunkering to marine industry,” May 11, 2021.

References[+]

↑1	Methanol Institute. “Atmospheric Above Ground Tank Storage of Methanol.” In Methanol Safe Handling Technical Bulletin, 2016. www.methanol.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/AtmosphericAboveGroundTankStorageMethanol-1.pdf
↑2	Methanol Institute. “Atmospheric Above Ground Tank Storage of Methanol.” In Methanol Safe Handling Technical Bulletin, 2016. www.methanol.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/AtmosphericAboveGroundTankStorageMethanol-1.pdf
↑3	Inst Tools. “Basics of Foam Fire Fighting System,” www.instrumentationtools.com/basics-foam-fire-fighting-system/
↑4	Methanol Institute. “Atmospheric Above Ground Tank Storage of Methanol.” In Methanol Safe Handling Technical Bulletin, 2016. www.methanol.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/AtmosphericAboveGroundTankStorageMethanol-1.pdf
↑5	Vopak. “Waterfront Shipping takes leadership role in demonstrating simplicity of methanol bunkering to marine industry,” May 11, 2021.
↑6	Vopak. “Waterfront Shipping takes leadership role in demonstrating simplicity of methanol bunkering to marine industry,” May 11, 2021.

↑1	US EPA, OAR. “Basic Information about NO2.” Overviews and Factsheets, July 6, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution/basic-information-about-no2.
↑2	Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. “Sulfur Dioxide (SO2),” March 30, 2017. https://www.pca.state.mn.us/air/sulfur-dioxide-so2.
↑3	US EPA, OAR. “Basic Information about Carbon Monoxide (CO) Outdoor Air Pollution.” Overviews and Factsheets, July 13, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/co-pollution/basic-information-about-carbon-monoxide-co-outdoor-air-pollution.
↑4	“Carbon Monoxide & Health \| California Air Resources Board.” Accessed November 22, 2021. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/carbon-monoxide-and-health.
↑5	“Carbon Monoxide & Health \| California Air Resources Board.” Accessed November 22, 2021. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/carbon-monoxide-and-health.
↑6	US EPA, OAR. “Particulate Matter (PM) Basics.” Overviews and Factsheets, April 19, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics.

↑1	“RealClimate: A Deep Dive into the IPCC’s Updated Carbon Budget Numbers,” August 12, 2021. https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2021/08/a-deep-dive-into-the-ipccs-updated-carbon-budget-numbers/.
↑2	Rhodium Group. “China’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceeded the Developed World for the First Time in 2019.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://rhg.com/research/chinas-emissions-surpass-developed-countries/.
↑3	US EPA, OAR. “Fast Facts on Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Overviews and Factsheets, August 25, 2015. https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions.
↑4	Supply Chain Solutions Center. “The Green Freight Handbook.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://supplychain.edf.org/resources/the-green-freight-handbook/.
↑5	“Alternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data – Average Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled by Major Vehicle Category.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10309.
↑6	McCoy, Kelly. “WoodMac: 54,000 Electric Trucks on US Roads by 2025.” GreenTechMedia, August 11, 2020. https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/woodmac-the-us-will-have-54000-electric-trucks-by-2025.
↑7	Carlier, Mathilde. “U.S. Class 8 Truck Sales from 2007 to 2020, by Brand.” Statista, March 23, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/245369/class-8-truck-sales-by-manfuacturer/.

↑1	Auffenberg Dealer Group. “What Does GVWR Mean?” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.auffenberg.com/service/service-tips/what-does-gvwr-mean/.
↑2	International Used Truck Centers. “Why Is It Called A Semi Truck?” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.internationalusedtrucks.com/driver-tips/why-is-it-called-a-semi-truck/.
↑3	Minjares, Ray, Felipe Rodríguez, Arijit Sen, and Caleb Braun. “Infrastructure to Support a 100% Zero-Emission Tractor-Trailer Fleet in the United States by 2040.” The International Council on Clean Transportation, September 2021. https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ze-tractor-trailer-fleet-us-hdvs-sept21.pdf.
↑4	Samsara. “Everything You Need To Know About Short Haul Trucking,” November 5, 2021. https://www.samsara.com/guides/short-haul-trucking/.
↑5	Nikola Motor Corporation, and VectoIQ Acquisition Corporation. “Nikola Corporation Investor Roadshow Presentation,” April 2020. https://d32st474bx6q5f.cloudfront.net/nikolamotor/uploads/investor/presentation/presentation_file/5/NikolaInvestorRoadShowPresentation042720.pdf.

↑1	“Truck Profile \| Bureau of Transportation Statistics.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.bts.gov/content/truck-profile.
↑2	“Alternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data – Average Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled by Major Vehicle Category.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10309.
↑3	U.S. Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center. “Alternative Fuel Price Report,” July 2021. www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/prices.html.

Phases of Conversion

Graph

Calculations

Conversion of Heavy Duty Fleet to Electric Landmarks

Broad Timeline for Recommended Policies

Phases of Conversion

Graph

Calculations

References
↑1	Tesla Semi. “Tesla Semi.” Accessed November 19, 2021. https://www.tesla.com/semi.
↑2	Tesla Semi. “Tesla Semi.” Accessed November 19, 2021. https://www.tesla.com/semi.
↑3	“Electric Power Monthly – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php.
↑4	Rechtien International Trucks. “How Many Miles Do Semi Trucks Last? \| Rechtien International Trucks Of.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.rechtien.com/semi-truck-life/.
↑5	Commercial Carrier Journal. “What Does a Class 8 Truck Really Cost?,” January 25, 2016. https://www.ccjdigital.com/business/article/14932561/what-does-a-class-8-truck-really-cost.
↑6	Rechtien International Trucks. “How Many Miles Do Semi Trucks Last? \| Rechtien International Trucks Of.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.rechtien.com/semi-truck-life/.
↑7	Commercial Carrier Journal. “What Does a Class 8 Truck Really Cost?,” January 25, 2016. https://www.ccjdigital.com/business/article/14932561/what-does-a-class-8-truck-really-cost.
↑8	Jorgensen, Webster. “How to Calculate the Fuel Cost Per Mile of Your Trucks,” October 21, 2019. https://www.rtsinc.com/articles/how-calculate-fuel-cost-mile-your-trucks.
↑9	“AAA Gas Prices.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://gasprices.aaa.com/.
↑10	Rechtien International Trucks. “How Many Miles Do Semi Trucks Last? \| Rechtien International Trucks Of.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.rechtien.com/semi-truck-life/.
↑11	Commercial Carrier Journal. “What Does a Class 8 Truck Really Cost?,” January 25, 2016. https://www.ccjdigital.com/business/article/14932561/what-does-a-class-8-truck-really-cost.
↑12	Rechtien International Trucks. “How Many Miles Do Semi Trucks Last? \| Rechtien International Trucks Of.” Accessed November 20, 2021. https://www.rechtien.com/semi-truck-life/.

References
↑1	U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). “New Electric Generating Capacity in 2020 Will Come Primarily from Wind and Solar.” Today in Energy, January 14, 2020. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=42495.
↑2	U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). “New Electric Generating Capacity in 2020 Will Come Primarily from Wind and Solar.” Today in Energy, January 14, 2020. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=42495.
↑3	U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). “Electric Power Monthly. Table 6.07.B. Capacity Factors for Utility Scale Generators Primarily Using Non-Fossil Fuels,” October 26, 2021. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php.
↑4	U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). “Electric Power Monthly. Table 6.07.B. Capacity Factors for Utility Scale Generators Primarily Using Non-Fossil Fuels,” October 26, 2021. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php.